Lesson 1
Spot v. to notice someone or something, especially when they are difficult to see or recognize看出，发现
● Mark Twain spotted someone coming out of the building. 马克. 吐温注意到有人走出了大楼
● You must learn to spot trouble ahead and prevent it.你需要学会遇见麻烦，并防止其发生
● One of the station staff spotted that I was in difficulty, and came to help. 一位车站员工注意到我有困难，就上来帮忙
● It can be hard for even a trained doctor to spot the symptoms of lung cancer. 即使是对一个训练有素的医生来说，发现肺癌的症状也是很难的。
其他词性
n. 地点；点儿；青春痘
① place or area 地点
● I found a nice quiet spot on the beach. 我在海边发现了一个好去处。
② mark 点儿
● There was a big damp spot on the wall.
③ pimple 青春痘
● Brittney was very self-conscious about her spots. 布兰妮对自己的青春痘非常在意
Adj. for buying or paying immediately, not at some future time现场的，当场的
● He quoted us a spot price for the goods. 他给我们报了货物的当前价
实际应用
随机调查 a spot investigation
雨点 spots of rain
风景胜地 a scenic spot
相关表达
Spotless 一尘不染
Evidence n. 根据，证据，证词
① facts, objects, or signs that make you believe something 根据，证据
There’s some evidence that a small amount of alcohol is good for old people.有证据表明少量饮酒对老年人有好处
② Information given in a court to prove somebody is guilty证据，证词
Saddam’s evidence was enough to convict Bush of number.萨达姆的证据足够判布什谋杀罪
其他词性 v. formal to show that something exists or true 证明
The volcano is still active, as evidenced by the recent eruption.正如最近的喷发所证明，火山仍很活跃。
词组拓展
Give no evidence of 没有…的迹象
In evidence 明显的，显而易见的
Show/ give evidence of 证明，说明，表明
相关表达
Evident adj. easily understand by the looks/ action 明显的（从表情或行为看）
From the look on Juliet Roberts’ face, it was evident that the news came as a complete shock. 从朱丽叶。 罗伯茨的表情来看，很明显，这条消息使她非常震惊
词义辨析 obvious   easily understand by the situation or status 明显的(从情形或状态)
It was obvious that Beethoven was lying 很明显贝多芬在撒谎
For obvious reasons, the police cannot give any more details about the case.由于明显原因，警察不能就这一事件给出太多的细节。
Accumulate v. 积累，积聚
① gradually get money, possessions, knowledge, experience, etc积累
He accumulated a fortune through property speculation. 他通过基金投资积累了大量的财富
By the late 1950s, scientists had already accumulated enough evidence to show a clear link between smoking and cancer. (IELTS sentence)到了20世纪50年代末，科学家已经积累了足够的证据证明吸烟和癌症之间有明显联系
② gradually increase in numbers or amount until there is a large quantity in one place积聚
leaves had accumulated around the fallen trucks. 树叶堆集在断树干周围
huge snowdrifts had accumulated on the airport’s runways.大学覆盖了机场的跑道
相关表达
Accumulation n. 堆积物，积聚
Accumulative adj. 积聚的，积累的
词义辨析
Collect, gather, assemble, amass作为v. 表达“收集，聚集”时与accumulate意思相近
Collect还有收税（收房租）整理思绪等意思。
The landlady came around once a month to collect the rent. 女房东每月来收一次房租
I got there early so I had a few minutes to collect my thoughts before the meeting began. 我到的早，所以有时间在开会之前整理一下思绪
Gather除“收集”外，还可以表示（人或物的）聚拢，整理思绪，猜想等意
During the air raids, we gathered the children around us and sang songs.
空袭期间，我们把孩子聚在我们周围唱歌
I gather you’ve had some problems with our sales department. 我猜你与我们的销售部门有些麻烦
I took a few moments to gather my thoughts before going into the meeting. 进会议室之前，我花了五分钟时间梳理思绪
Storm clouds were gathering so we hurried home.暴风雨的云团聚集，所以我们匆忙回家。
Assemble指（人的）聚集，组装
A large crowed had assembled outside the American embassy.大群人聚集在美国大使馆
The aircraft will continue to be assembled in France. 飞机将继续在法国组装。
Amass搜集
记忆点拨
Ac-表加强含义
Cumul为词根，表聚集
-ate为典型的动词后缀，与之对应的形容词后缀
-active，和名词后缀-ation
Oblige v. 使…感到必须
词组拓展① be obliged to do something; make it necessary for someone to do something 使…感到必须
As a result of SARS we were obliged to close the school. 由于非典，我们被迫关闭学校。
Many parents feel obliged to pay for at least part of the wedding. 一些父母觉得有必要至少支付婚礼费用的一部分。
②oblige to 强迫
The law obliges parents to send their children to school 法律强制家长送孩子上学
相关表达 obliging adj. 有责任心的
What an obliging child!一个多么有责任心的孩子啊！
词义辨析 have to / have got to, must , be obliged to
Have to/ have got to  much more common in spoken English 不得不（口语）
Must   is more common in written English 必须（书面语，较正式）
Be obliged to   is only used to say that someone must do something because of a rule or law, or the situation forces them to do it(由于法律、条文、情形)迫使
Convince v. 使…信服
① to make someone feel certain that something is true. 使信服
Nicolas Cage managed to convince us that the story was true. 尼古拉斯。凯奇设法使我们相信该故事是真的
② to persuade somebody to do something 说服
I’ve been trying to convince Brad Pitt to come with me. 我试图说服布拉德.皮特和我一起来
词组拓展
Convince somebody (of something)使某人相信某事
Convince somebody by sound arguments以理服人
Be convinced of (of that)确信，承认
Be fully convinced充分相信
相关表达 convinced adj. feeling certain that something is true 坚定不移的
Meg Ryan agreed, but she didn’t sound very convinced. 麦格.瑞恩同意了，可他听起来不那么坚定
Convincing adj. 令人信服的
There is now convincing evidence that smoking causes lung cancer. 现在我们有足够的证据证明吸烟会引起肺癌。
Convincing victory/ win--- win a competition by a lot of points or a large margin 令人信服口服的胜利
词义辨析 convince, assure, persuade
Convince 强调用证据、事实“说服”或使人信服，而assure有确保保证的含义在里面
The dealer had assured me of the car’s quality 经销商向我保证车的质量
A win on Saturday will assure them of promotion to Division One. 周六的胜利确保他们升级到一区
Persuade 在表达“劝说、说服”时可以和convince 互换，但在表达“说服某人做某事”时，persuade表达更常用
Monica Lewinsky must persuade the jury of her innocence. 莫妮卡.莱温斯基必须使陪审团相信她无罪。
Don’t let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don’t want.别是自己被说服买一些不想要的东西。
Disturb v. 令人不安， 搅乱，弄乱； 打扰； 担心
① move 搅乱，弄乱
if you find a bird’s nest, never disturb the eggs. 如果你发现一个鸟巢，不要动鸟蛋
② interrupt/ bother打扰
sorry to disturb you, but I have an urgent message from your husband. 抱歉打扰你，可是你丈夫留了一个紧急口信
③ worry 担心
what disturbs me most is his dishonesty.最使我担心是他的不诚实
实际应用  扰乱治安 disturb the peace
          请勿打扰 do not disturb
相关表达 disturbance n. 干扰；骚乱；困扰
① something that interrupts what you are doing, or the act of making this happen 干扰
the noise of the traffic is a continual disturbance. 交通噪音是个持续的干扰
② a situation in which people behave violently in public 骚乱
there were disturbances in the crowd as fans left the stadium.当影迷离开体育馆时，人群中出现了一阵骚动
eight officers were sent to the incident spot after reports that a man was naked and causing a disturbance.接到一名男子裸体并引起骚乱的报告后，8名警官被派往现场
③ a medical condition in which someone is mentally ill and does not behave normally困扰
a long history of mental disturbance 长期的精神困扰
disturbing adj. making you feel worried or shocked 烦扰的
there has been a disturbing increase in the crime rate 犯罪率令人堪忧
it’s very disturbing, the way they’re getting rid of older employees. 他们解雇老员工的方式让人担忧。
Disturbed adj. 不正常；担心
① not behaving normally because of a mental condition 不正常
The defendant is mentally and emotionally disturbed 被告精神和情感上不健全
②worried or upset担心
Police are very disturbed about the latest crime trend警察对最近的犯罪趋势很担心
His mother was disturbed to learn he had bought a motorbike 获悉儿子买了一辆摩托车，母亲很担心
词义辨析 trouble, bother和disturb一样都表示“干扰，打扰”，但后两个词更口语化一些，disturb在表示“担忧“时可和trouble互换
I promise not to trouble you again. 我保证再不来打扰你
Bother另有“努力做某事”但往往用于否定表示 “不屑做某事”
Why bother to go abroad, when there are so many nice places here at home?为何要出国，国内有那么多的好去处？
Many young people didn’t bother voting.许多年轻人不屑于投