Lesson 3

archaeologist
n. 考古学家
记忆点拨
词根词缀记忆法
词根archae-古老，例如archaic adj.  very old古老的
词缀-ology学科，例如：
biology生物学
zoology动物学（zoo动物园）
methodology方法论（method方法）
sociology社会学（social社会的）
astrology占星术
meteorology气象学（meteor流星）
ecology生态学（eco-生态）
technology技术（tech-技术）
geology地质学（geo-地球的）
anthropology人类学
词缀-ist表“人”尤指专业人士，例如：
scientist科学家
artist艺术家
pianist钢琴家
explore
v.考察，勘探，探究
①to travel around an area in order to find out about it考察，勘探
Christopher Columbus discovered America but didn’t explore the new continent.
克里斯多夫.哥伦布发现了美洲，但他没有勘测这个新大陆。
②to discuss or think about something carefully
探究
A fear of science was a theme explored by Mary Shelly in her later novels.
玛丽.雪莱在她后来的书里探究了对科学恐惧的主题。
Management need to explore ways of improving office security .
管理层需要研究提高办公室安全。
I’m going to explore the possibility of a part-time job.
我要看看兼职工作的可能性。

相关表达
exploration   n.勘探，考察
The North Sea has been an important center of oil exploratory
北海已成为石油勘探的重要中心。
exploratory   adj.探险的
an exploratory expedition up the Amazon ricer沿亚马孙河逆流而上的探险旅程
词义辨析
excursion, expedition, voyage, journey, travel, tour, trip
excursion    a short journey on holiday观光，远足
expedition  a long journey to a dangerous or unfamiliar place远征
voyage   long journey by sea or in space航行
journey  a long distance, literary a long and often difficult process旅行
travel   activity of traveling, to places that are far away, usually for pleasure旅行
tour  a journey for pleasure(tourism, tourist), a planned journey made by musicians, a sports team etc. in order to perform or play in several places巡演
trip  journey for pleasure or a particular purpose旅游
During our holiday in Venice we went on a few excursions to places near by.
在威尼斯期间，我们去了附近许多地方。
The Titanic sank on 14 April 1912, after hitting an iceberg on its maiden voyage.
1912年4月14日，泰坦尼克号在它的首航就撞上了一座冰山，沉入海底。
Writing a biography is an absorbing voyage of discovery.
写自传是一个有趣的发现旅程。
The novel is an account of Beethoven’s spiritual journey.
小说讲的是贝多芬的精神旅程。
The new job involves a fair amount of travel.
新工作涉及一定量的出差。
We met some very interesting people on our travels in Thailand .
我们在去泰国的旅途中遇到了一些非常有趣的人。
David Beckham worked as a tour guide in Cambridge last summer.
大卫.贝克汉姆去年暑假在剑桥做导游。
Magician David Copperfield is in Beijing on tour.
魔术师大卫.科波菲尔正在北京巡演。
Two lucky employees won a round-the-world trip.
两名幸运的雇员赢得了环球旅行的大奖。
I’m afraid you’ve had a wasted trip. Mr. Canners has already left.
我想你是白跑一趟，肯尼斯先生已经走了。
prosperous
adj. rich and successful(经纪上)繁荣的，昌盛的
Gambling is becoming a prosperous industry in Macao.
博彩业已成为澳门的一个繁荣产业。
Training, especially English training, has been a prosperous industry in most big cities in China.
培训尤其是英语培训已成为中国许多大城市的一个繁荣产业。

相关表达
prosper
v.成功，兴旺
My father’s business used to prosper before the war.
战前，我父亲的生意很兴旺。
India’s software companies have prospered by keeping costs to a bare minimum.
印度的软件公司通过吧成本降到最低而获得了成功。
prosperity  n. when people have money and everything that is needed for a good life繁荣
He wished the young couple a life of happiness and prosperity.
他祝福年轻夫妇生活幸福、万事如意。
As prosperity spreads, more and more Chinese people are able to afford life’s little luxuries.
随着繁荣的增长，越来越多的中国人能够购买生活奢侈品。
civilization
n.文明
①a society that is well organized and developed 开化，教化
Civilization as we know it today has developed over thousands of years.
就像我们所知道的一样，今天的文明发展了数千年。
②all the societies in the world considered as a whole文明
The civilizations of ancient Egypt and Babylon
古埃及和巴比伦的文明
③a place where you feel comfortable, especially because it is modern文明社会，文明的环境
It’s good to get back to civilization after living in a tent for two weeks.
住在帐篷里两周后，回到文明社会真好。
相关表达
civil adj.国内的，民事的
civil war 内战
civil servant 公务员
civil case 民事案
criminal case刑事案
civil disobedience非暴力反抗
keep a civil tongue in your head!说话要文明有礼！
civilize v. to influence someone’s behaviour, making or teaching them to act in a more sensible or gentle way教化
Men should be more domesticated and civilized.
人类应该更居家更开化。
civilized adj. antonym uncivilized
① well organized and developed, and has fair laws and customs文明的
Such things should not be allowed to happen in a civilized society.
这种事情不应该发生在文明社会。
② pleasant and comfortable惬意，舒适的
Lying back in the sun with a gin and tonic is very civilized.
躺在阳光下喝着杜松子酒加奎宁水非常得惬意。

Can’t we have the meeting at a more civilized hour?
难道我们不能有一个更合适的时间开会？
worship
n. activity of praying or singing in a religious building in order to show respect and love for a god崇拜
They bowed their heads in worship.
我们崇敬的鞠躬。
词组拓展
hero worship   great admiration for someone who is though to be very brave, good, skilful etc-often used to show disapproval英雄崇拜
worship the ground somebody walks on   to admire and love someone very much崇拜，崇敬某人
其他词性
v. to show respect and love for a god, especially by praying in a religious building崇拜
She absolutely worships Elvis Presley.
她及其崇拜猫王。
sacred
adj. 宗教的，神圣的
① relating to a god or religion神圣的，宗教的
sacred image圣像
sacred music圣音
sacred writings(the Koran, the Bible)圣籍（《古兰经》，《圣经》）
In India the cow is a sacred animal.
在印度，牛是神圣的动物。
② very important or greatly respected神圣的
Human life is sacred.
人的生命是神圣的。
词义辨析
holy adj. connected with God and religion
Jerusalem is a boy city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
耶路撒冷是犹太人、基督徒和穆斯林的圣城。
实际应用
Holy Grail圣杯，圣盘
① in medieval literature, the sacred cup used by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper圣杯，圣盘
② something that people want very much, but which is very difficult or impossible to achieve最渴望之物，最高境界
③ Nuclear fusion is the Holy Grail of energy production
核溶解是能源产品的最高领域。
Holy Spirit  God in the form of a spirit according to the Christian religion圣灵
holy water  water that has been blessed by a priest圣水
holy war  a war that is fought to defend the beliefs of a religion圣战

fragment
n. a small piece of something that has broken off or that comes from something larger碎片
He was piecing together torn fragments of a letter.
他正在拼撕碎的信
Some glass fragments hit me when the window was smashed.
窗户玻璃碎了，我被碎片扎伤了。
I only beard a fragment of their conversation.
我只听到他们谈话的只言片语。
其他词性
v. to break something, or be broken into a lot of small separate parts-show disapproval分裂，分离
His day was fragmented by interruptions and phone calls.
他的一天被打扰和电话搞的支离破碎。
Ownership of the large estates is increasingly fragmentld.
大型不动产的拥有权在不断被分割。
相关表达
fragmentary   adj. consisting of many different small parts支离破碎的
We have received only fragmentary evidence of the incident
我们只接到事件支离破碎的证据。
remains
n. 遗物；遗迹；废墟；尸体
①the parts of something that are left after the rest has been destroyed or has disappeared
遗迹
A special chapel was built to house Spencer’s remains.
一个特殊的小教堂建在斯宾塞的遗址之上。
③ the body of someone who has died尸体
The owner was puzzled why her dog wouldn’t stop digging until she saw it had discovered some human remains.
狗的主人感到困惑为何狗一直在那挖，后来她看到了人的尸体。
People consider having their remains buried in Westminster a special honor .
人们认为遗体埋在威斯敏斯特是一种特殊荣誉。
词义辨析
leftover, the rest, the remainder
leftover   remaining after all the rest has been used, taken, or eaten剩余物，剩饭
You can use leftover turkey in casseroles and sandwiches.
你可以用剩下的火鸡肉做砂锅菜和三明治。
the rest   what is left after everything or everyone else has gone, been used, dealt with, or mentioned剩余的
Franklin D. Roosevelt was in a wheelchair for the rest of his life after contracting poliomyelitis.
由于脊髓灰质炎，弗兰克林。罗斯福在轮椅上度过了余生
the remainder    the part of something that is left after everything else has gone or been dealt with剩余的

After being badly injured, he spent the remainder of his police career behind a desk.
严重受伤后，他在办公桌后度过警察的余生。
其他词性
v. 保持
①to continue o be in the same state or condition保持
Please remain seated until all the lights are on.
请在灯亮前保持就座。
Many scientists remain unconvinced by the current evidence.
许多科学家对现有证据保持质疑。
②to continue to exist or be left after others have gone, been used, or been destroyed继续
It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful.
手术是否成功有待观察。
reconstruct
v. 修复；重建；重现；推想
①to build something again after it has been destroyed or damaged
One of the Iraqi government’s main tasks is to reconstruct the economy.
伊拉克政府的主要任务之一是重建其经济。
③ to produce a complete description or copy of an event by collecting together pieces of information重现
Police were reconstructing the movements of the murdered couple.
警察正在重现被害夫妇当时的情况。
词义辨析
rebuild, restore
rebuild
① to build something again, after it has been damaged or destroyed重建
② to make something strong and successful again复原
The first priority is to rebuild the area’s manufacturing industry.
首要的是重建这一地区的制造行业。
 restore
① to make something return to its former state or condition恢复
The government promises to restore the economy to full strength
政府许诺要全速恢复经济。
② to bring back a positive feeling that a person or a group of people felt before恢复
Governments took measures aimed at restoring public confidence in the education system..
政府采取措施目的是恢复公众对教育系统的新人。
③ to repair an old building, piece of furniture, or painting etc. so that it is in its original condition重建
The church was carefully restored after the war.
战后教堂被仔细重建。
相关表达
construct   v. to build something such as a house, bridge, road etc.建设
Many huge skyscrapers have been constructed in the city over the past decade.
在过去的10年里，城市里建起许多摩天大厦。
construction  n.建设；建筑
① the process of building thing such as houses, bridges, roads etc建设
The new railway is still under construction.
新的铁路还在建设中。
② the process of making something using many parts建设
Work out the exact design before you start construction.
开工前想好具体设计。
③ the materials used to build or make something, or its design and structure建成
The houses were partly timber in construction
房子部分用木料建成。
④ the way in which words are put together in a sentence, phrase etc.造句法
This dictionary gives the meanings of words and also illustrates the constructions they can be used in.
该字典给词作了解释并阐明它们能使用的语法结构。
constructive  adj. useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results建设性的
I don’t mind constructive criticism but if you’re just going to insult me I’m not staying.
我不介意建设性的批评，可如果你想侮辱我，我可不呆在这儿。
identity
n. someone’s identity is their name or who they are身份
There is no clue as to the identity of the thief.
小偷的身份毫无线索
Police are trying to discover the identity of a baby found by the side of a road.
警察正在试图找到在路边发现的小孩的身份。
The cheque will be cashed on proof of identity.
支票只有在出示身份证后才能兑换成现金。
实际应用
身份证ID card(identity card)a card with your name, date of birth, and photograph on it, that proves who you are
相关表达
identify  v. 鉴定，识别；暴露
① to recognize and correctly name someone or something鉴定，认出
The police took fingerprints and identified the body.
警察取样指纹，鉴定尸体。
Eye witnesses identified the gunman as an army sergeant.
目击者认出持枪者是一个军队中士。
Scientists have identified the gene that causes abnormal growth.
科学家已找出引起变态生长的基础。
② if a particular thing identifies someone or something, it makes them easy to recognize暴露
His accent identified him as a Frenchman.
他的口音暴露他是法国人。
identification    n . ID official papers or cards, such as your passport, that prove who you are身份；识别

Bring some form of identification, preferably a passport.
带来证件，最好是护照。
The bodies were brought to the hospital for identification
尸体被送往医院去识别。
identified  adj. 不明的
实际应用
不明飞行物UFO unidentified flying object
首席执行官CEO chief executive officer
首席财政官CFO chief financial officer
词组拓展
identify with  视……为一体；认同
① to feel sympathy with someone or be able to share their feelings视……为一体，认同
Humans can easily identify with the emotional expressions of chimpanzees.
人类很容易和大猩猩的感情表达产生共鸣。
He identified with our distress and despair
他同情我们的失望和沮丧。
② to think that someone is very closely related to or involved with something such as a political group认为
She has always been identified with the radical left.
她被看作是激进的左派。
identification parade    a process in which someone who has seen a crime take place looks at a group of people to see if they can recognize the criminal
供辨认嫌疑犯的一排人